The Impact of Slavery in America - 1364 Words

Slavery was a tragic experience for African slaves that last for many years; although it has passed it will always be part of history. Slavery meant many things to many people, but overall the ones that can better explain this are the slaves themselves through their voice and their history; slavery impact families, traditional roles of mothers, children, and fathers. Furthermore, slavery demonstrated agency and resistance to their enslavement; passive or aggressive. Primarily, it can be difficult to understand the life of the slaves without a full description of what they where categories as. One example that identified the meaning of slaves was In Hubers essay: â€Å"As slaves were forbidden to speak their own languages or practice their own religions, they began to mix their native cultures with the European and Native American cultures that existed in America, and, through the English language, they found new ways of entertaining, educating, and expressing themselves.†(1 Hu ber) Slaves had no other chose that to conform to the life that they were part of and a result they combined their culture with the one of their masters. It gives an understanding of way they coped with the hardships they have encounter, forms to make their life a little lest tragic. Other forms of slavery was to dehumanizing slaves like in the journal of Thomas Phillips: â€Å" Then we mark’d the slaves we had bought in the breast, or shoulder, with a hot iron, having the letter of the ship’s name on it†¦ theShow MoreRelatedSlavery And Its Impact On America1353 Words   |  6 Pages Slavery in America had a tight hold over the southern half. It was primarily located in the southern portion and African American slaves were held on large plantations and out in the fields. Some were even leased into the industrializing factories. Ever since slavery in America started, slaves were considered property. Every black person was a white persons â€Å"property†. Now American had a belief, a belief that every man were entitled to God-given rights. The rights could not be stripped fromRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On America1541 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversial issue: the institution of slavery. It was initially intended by our founding fathers that slavery be slowly phased out, as even in 1775 our budding nation’s leaders had the common sense and moral compass to see that slavery is wrong. Even the proponents of slavery, then, knew that slavery is unethical and amoral, and viewed slavery as a necessary evil, for the South had no other means of creating capital; however, slavery continues because many proponents of slavery have been so overcome with avariceRead MoreSlavery Made A Huge Impact On America s History991 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery made a huge impact on America’s history. It has been exactly 150 years since Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery. Before that, life for any slave, man or woman, was extremely rough. They tried their best to make life easy for themselves. Some became fed up with their treatment so they overtly and covertly rebelled. Overt being the open and more dangerous of the two. Covert rebellions were more of snide comments towards their master. The life and rebellions of slaves were extremely difficultRead More1. What was the impact of slavery on the development of Colonial America? Slavery was a practice in1300 Words   |  6 Pages 1. What was the impact of slavery on the development of Colonial America? Slavery was a practice in many countries in the 17th and 18th centuries, but modern history was unique to the United States. The most noticeable effect that it had on the colonies was personal and financial growth of the people and the nation. Africans was the lesser class and they were used by the slave owners to promote their wealth and stature. The larger their plantation, the wealthier and more successful people were seenRead MoreSlavery s Impact On America s Economic And Social Life984 Words   |  4 PagesJustin Mariasi 11/21/14 Mrs. Sparks US History Slavery s impact on America’s economic and social life Slavery in the United States was at the same time both economically beneficial to southern planters and unsustainable due to the industrial revolution and the reliance upon single cash crops. In this document I will explain what forms of slave resistance existed in American society, how and why slavery was beneficial to the United States, how the slaves in the United States were treated and howRead MoreHow Did African American Slavery Help Shape America?925 Words   |  4 PagesHow did African American slavery help shape America? The United States of America has historical events that underlie the primary example of a country which overcomes every adversity with courage and commitment. Several pieces of history can obviously emphasize the strength of those who inhabited this nation and shaped it into what it is today; one of which is the era of slavery. Slavery is a topic that is often rejected during the mentioning of historical events in America primarily due to the factRead MoreEli Whitney : The Inventor Of The Cotton Gin1639 Words   |  7 Pagesseparation would require a hundred workmen for several months† (Piercy, 95). In 1794, Whitney got a patent for his cotton gin and began renting out the gins (Piercy, 96). This invention would greatly impact American technological and economic development for the years to come. The cotton gin made a huge impact on the textile mills in the North as well as in Britain. (Gates Jr, par. 7). After the invention of the cotton gin and as cotton production increased, the North bought more cotton and built moreRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1728 Words   |  7 Pagesdedicated individuals†. Slavery was a struggle that America had to overcome in the 1800s in order for America to progress. At the time, slaves were also going through hard times by getting separated from their families and going through excessive hard work on the plantations. Even though it was a struggle for the north, and the slaves, but not for the south since it was a benefit for them. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was put into the Presidential office and would have a major impact on our nation by affectingRead MoreLincoln, Race, And The Spirit Of The 761247 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Abraham Lincoln was put into office March 4, 1861, and this would be the start of a significant change for America. Many people see Lincoln as one of the best presidents that was in office for America, but others have opposing views on how he was not the best president in office. In Lucas E. Morel’s, â€Å"Lincoln, Race, and the Spirit of ‘76†, he expresses, â€Å"Many people who consider Abraham Lincoln the greatest American president would be surprised to discover that he endorsed black colonizationsRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery dates back to as early as 1760 BC. It is defined as the condition of a slave; in bondage. A slave is a person who is the property of and wholly subject to another; a bond servant. It fiendishly raised its repugnant head amongst many cultures and nations around the world. Many people viewed slavery as immoral and some viewed it as a necessary evil. However evil, it may have been, it did have a tremendous impact on shaping the United States, particularly the South. From the period o f 1800 to

Electronic Items and E-waste - 898 Words

Introduction: Did you know that electronic items are the most interesting recent day? They like to have the newest products from different companies that they addicted to such as Apple, Nokia, Samsung, Sony†¦..etc. But, do you know that 40 million of e-waste produced each years are mostly from developing country , The UNEP says that e-waste cause lots of problem to undeveloped country and has an impact on their life and environment. (McAllister,2013). Consumers like to have the newest product that in the market and throw away the old one and that these discarded electronic are products electronic waste. E-waste is increasing very quickly around the world and make lots of problem to people that live in poor countries. E-waste bring with it sicknesses, losing their knowledge and destroying the life of people and their cities. There are lots of electronic waste recycle companies that they take the old electronic to recycle. But, no one know how these companies recycle this electronics and by who. On the other hand, things that people do not really know about this recycle companies, that they are selling this old products to poor countries like India, China and Ghana, for recycle. But, sometimes this electronic are produces disastrous results because it do not work and cannot be recycled. Moreover, e-waste worker risk their life with this dangerous work that cause lots of problem. We all know that electronics make our lives easier. But, wasting it destroying the otherShow MoreRelatedElectronic Waste Collection And Recycling1045 Words   |  5 PagesWaste management chain starts with collection, and also contains transportation and treatment including material recovery and disposal. Collection is probably the most challenging part of recycling process. People prefer to put their obsolete electronic devices in their storage, assuming they have value. After a while they may gave up and want to get rid of the e-waste, however, people have the same behavior to e-waste as other wastes. Therefore a huge amount of raw material for recycling is lostRead MoreEffective Waste Management794 Words   |  3 PagesWaste has been around for thousands of years, yet it still remains an issue today for countries to collect and dispose of waste effectively (Samah 1810). Managing waste has become a larger issue recently than it was in years past due to an increase of the world population. As a result of poor waste management, several issues have risen. Current methods of waste disposal, such as incinerators and landfills, have several downfalls associated with them due to the pollution these methods of disposalRead MoreEssay about E-Waste1187 Words   |  5 Pages E-waste is the term which relates to all types of electronics, which can evolve into waste in the near future. (STEP) Although E-waste is a general term, it can be assumed to cover all types of items which use electricity. Today, electronic waste becomes a very formidable and significant problem around the world. Environmental protection agency contends the idea, that there are 4 most common ways of solving electronic waste problem: landfilling, incinerating, reusing and recycling.Read MoreE Waste Environmental Impact And The Need For Federal Laws1093 Words   |  5 Pages E-waste environmental impact and the need for Federal laws Joe A Cox AMU 12/23/15 ABSTRACT The rate at which E-waste is compiling in our nations landfills is unsustainable. The toxic materials contained in these products have the potential to destroy the environment and taint our food and water supply. A review of several state laws revealed a patchwork incapable of mitigating the negative ecological and health effects of the tons of E-waste being dumped annually. The only logical answerRead MoreThe Impact Of Environmental Sustainability On The Environment1523 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol electronic waste dumping in the environment (Blewitt 56). In the process, the write-up will discuss some of the mechanisms of handling the waste and analyzing their suitability, in the ultimate determination of the most appropriate mechanisms for handling the issue. Sustainability remains the major drive in regulating the activities of the industrialists and the households that pose a danger to the environment. E-Waste and its Effect on the Environment E-waste refers to the waste emanatingRead MoreOrganization Of Reduce E Waste973 Words   |  4 Pageswe made a commitment, efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, the main cause of global warming. This paper is a description how the organization created by me (Organization of Reduce e-waste) protects the environment for sustainability. Introduction Our organization s goal is to reduce electronic waste; we have seen great progress to achieve these goals. We have been deep consciousness we as an environmental organization must play a role, in reducing environmental burden and protect ourRead MoreImportance of Recycling Electronic Waste1062 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Recycle† Our Electronic Waste? Where did the electronic waste go? When we throw out our old equipment, old TVs and computers end up in landfills, there are various toxic metals can cause various environmental problems. Yet even recycling the electronic waste, it might not be good to our environment. Have you even thought of how the United States shipping their electronic waste to some developing countries and the problems it may cause? As the United States passed the laws to recycle the electronic wastesRead MoreFinancing Mechanism Of Electronic Wastes940 Words   |  4 PagesFinancing Mechanism of Electronic Wastes Financing mechanism of Electronic waste management system in developed countries has evolved after gaining experience over the years of operation. It is a dynamic system as Electronic waste generation pattern changes both in terms of increasing volume and addition of other products into Electronic waste stream. The financing mechanism covers each aspect of Electronic waste management like collection, transportation and treatment costs of E-waste. Let us look at theRead MoreReverse Logistics For A Humanitarian Organization Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pagesis the management of all the activities involved in the flow of goods, demand information and money in the opposite direction of the primary logistics flow, a reduction in the generation of waste, and the management of the collection, transport, disposal, and recycling of hazardous as well as non-hazardous waste in a way that maximizes 0the long term profitability of the business. Other terms synonymous to Reverse Logisticsâ„ ¢ (RL) are Aftermarket Logistics, Retrogistics, or Aftermarket Supply ChainRead MoreElectronic Waste1718 Words   |  7 PagesDon’t Be Haste to E-Waste Electronic-waste (e-waste) has emerged as a critical global environmental health issue in both developed and developing nations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) refers to e-waste as electronic products that are discarded by consumers. More specifically, e-waste is a generic term that encompasses various forms of electrical and electronic equipment that may be old, might have reached end-of-life and most importantly cease to be of any value to their present owners

Math Curriculum Reform Issue Free Essays

Among the subjects learnt by students, Mathematics is among the subjects that are unpopular among the students. They perceive it a very hard subject especially to girls who think the subject should be reserved for boys. However, mathematics learning will be increased by the proposed National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in 1989. We will write a custom essay sample on Math Curriculum Reform Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now The curriculum proposed is very comprehensive and is likely to improve mathematics performance that has deteriorated for sometime now. One of the most important aspects that has contributed to student performance as a result of proposed National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in 1989 was due to emphasis the curriculum has put on geometry and spatial. Learning of Geometry has developed student’s understanding and appreciation as far as world’s geometric concepts are concerned. As far as children are concerned, they develop and enhance their ability to learn measurement ideas and learn number. These concepts also help students to be able to understand advanced mathematics that are learnt at higher levels. [1] Another most important concept that has improved student performance in Mathematics is because Geometry is introduced from Pre K to 12. It is very important for people to support the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics that was introduced in 1989 since it enhanced students’ performance in the subject. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics curriculum has promoted egalitarianism among the students as this was the main aim and objective of its development. The proposed Mathematics by National Council of Teachers of Mathematics is due to the fact that the ability of the student to be able to solve problems after studying the Mathematics. This is because, in the current world for one to survive comfortably, one has to go with the technology which is comes hand in hand with knowledge of Mathematics. The curriculum proposed is likely to promote student’s learning skill since they removed basic skills that were unnecessary and instead they focused on most important issues since they knew calculator and computers would eliminate calculation which is tedious. Another issue that can make us to support the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics curriculum is that previously, the curriculum had not been focused on all students as it had only focused on analytical, deductive and linear analytical that only met White (Anglo) learning style. For this case, the main aim and objective of the proposed National Council of Teachers of Mathematics was to develop a comprehensive curriculum that would cater for the needs of all students. [2] Currently, student performance in Mathematics has improved and the subject is no longer perceived as a hard subject like it used to be previously. The subject is now popular even to girls and it is should be encouraged since knowledge in Mathematics enhances understanding of other subjects. References National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989): Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics. Reston, VA: NCTM. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1991): Worthwhile Mathematical Tasks – In Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (p. 25). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Â   Â   [1] National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989): Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics. Reston, VA: NCTM. [2] National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1991): Worthwhile Mathematical Tasks in Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (p. 25). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Â   Â   How to cite Math Curriculum Reform Issue, Essay examples

Managing Employee Relations Business Organisations

Question: Describe about the Managing Employee Relations for Business Organisations. Answer: Introduction Management of employee relations refers to the ways in which organizations use to control the interactions with their workers so as to achieve the goals and objectives of the company (Millward, Brewerton, 2015). The methods used by the company should be properly analyzed since a wrong choice of the strategy may cause employees to have a negative attitude towards the organization. Key events/issues the case raises and their significance regarding Employment Relations Being a member of union groups According to the Pasta company case, Terry, sales supervisor, had not been a member of any union group for the past 13 years of working. The union groups help employees in various ways such as assisting workers to resolve workplace issues. They are advocates of the employees by ensuring that they meet the minimum obligations (Gall, G. Ed. 2016). If Terry had been in a workers union, then they would have helped him when the problem occurred in his workplace. The New South Wales Award and the Commercial Travelers Award were concerned with matters concerning employee wages, working hours and conditions. However, issues concerning workplace laws, discrimination policies and rights were not considered. Individual contracts that are given by the new human resource manager (HRM) Once the new HRM was appointed, he brought about disruption to the entire sales staff by issuing them with individual contracts which stated that they were to go to probation for six months before confirmation of their continuing employment status. It seemed to be an insult to workers such as Terry who had worked for approximately 13 years. Probation is a management tool useful in coaching new employees, those with problems in work and also training employees in new positions (Madhusudhan, Nagarajamurthy, 2015). However, this was not applicable for Terry and seemed to cause a big issue to the sales staff. Sales staff declined to sign the initiative contracts The new HRM experienced a hard time when all employees refused to sign the contracts he had offered to them. It shows that they were unhappy and were not willing to co-operate with this initiative. Eventually, the manager had to withdraw the contracts, but this issue affected Pasta Company negatively. Terry and some of his colleagues remained but did not work to their best as earlier. Other employees left Pasta Company for rival companies. Significances in regarding employee relations (Fossum, J. A. 2014) identifies the following significant ideas in regarding poor employee relations; Employees raise attention to the management. Declining to sign the probation contracts attracted the HR staff towards the sales workers. It became a matter of interest. Improvement of ideas. The management within a period of about five months considered dropping the initiative plan after realizing it would not work well. Engagement of employees. The management will involve the workers to decide on what is best for the firm. Confidence and morale. Sales officers of Pasta Company were able to unite and rejected the initiative. Others became confident enough to leave Pasta Company for it was not valuing its employees relations. For a business strategy like Pasta Co.s to work, what sort of changes would you expect to see in employment practices? Involvement in the implementation process-Pasta Co has to involve managers, workers, and directors in decision making. During this process, it will be easier to understand if the initiative will work or not. Use of vertical communication -The HR manager should hold an open meeting to explain to the sales staff about the initiative. He must mention why he thinks it is important for the firm. Organizational culture- The HR manager should encourage employees to accept changes in the organization for it promotes a good organizational culture. Do you think Terrys right to be skeptical? What sort of risks or challenges do Pasta Co managers face in trying to implement a new business strategy and make changes to employment practices as well? Terry was not a skeptic person; he was decided since he called his colleagues and organized a meeting with the sales manager to raise concerns to the senior management. Managers face the following challenges when implementing new strategies; Resistance from the employees- employees fear changes in the organization and most decline to accept change (Hon, Bloom, Crant, 2014). The loss in productivity- the new initiatives imposed to a firm such as Pasta Co may discourage employees who may opt to quit their jobs and move to the competing firms. Those who remain have low morale which causes a decline in productivity of the organization. Business failure- if the initiative introduced is too hostile to the employees, they may all quit jobs, organize strikes or fail to adhere to the policies of the initiative. At the long-run, if the business does not withdraw the project, possible losses will occur and may be shut down. Looking at the key issues the case raises, discuss what steps organizations might take to resolve this problem and minimize the likelihood of it arising in future. Terry and other employees in the sales department are not willing to co-operate with the new HRM. There is a conflict between the two. The Human Resource team should find an appropriate method to resolve this dispute. (Goetsch Davis 2014) explains that the following six steps which the management can use to encounter the problem; Clarification on the disagreement The management of Pasta Company should call the sales staff for a meeting to understand the situation. The meeting should be in a quiet place where everyone feels free to talk. This act will facilitate constructive conversations and honest communication. The appropriate time is allocated for the meeting since it is hard to solve complex disagreements within fifteen minutes (Hales, S. D. 2014).Each member will then have time to speak his or her issues so that the HR department can note down as the agenda of the meeting. Establishing a common goal of the organization After knowing what the disagreement is all about, the chair of the meeting should remind the employees as well as the HR staff that they should work towards achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. The interests of both parties are pulled to a common place. Employees provide labor and skills while the company provides wages and factors of production to assist in making the firm produce quality products to the public (Farndale, Pai, Sparrow, Scullion, 2014).For each party to get its reward, it must work towards achieving the objectives of the company for profit maximization. Discussing on methods to meet the common goal Now that each party understands the goals of the firm, the chairperson should decide what they should do to achieve their targets. Decisive acting and keeping the communication open is advised here. At the end of this stage, there will be established guidelines on reaching the best for the company. Focus on the barriers to organization success It simply focuses on the conflict. Both sides of the party will recommend on what should be done to eliminate the barrier. In our case, the sales staff will request the HR management to do away with the project. Similarly, the management will consider the same since the initiative does not apply to long-term workers like Terry. Formulate an agreement suitable for all It is the duty of the chairperson in a meeting to ensure that the conflicting parties have resolved and come up to an agreement (Gheorghe, M?da, S?ftoiu, 2015).A win-win outcome is recommended to avoid an occurrence of another dispute. The parties should come to a conclusion, pick favorable implementations and do away with the barriers of the organizations success. Acknowledgment and establishing responsibilities Now that the problem is solved, the staff is required to get back to the duties assigned. The ideas discussed can be summarized and recorded for reference. There should be no more misunderstanding between the employees and the HR management. Conclusion Management of employee relations is a duty of the Personnel and Human Resource departments. Employees should be treated fairly to avoid the emergence of an employee against management conflict as witnessed in the Pasta Company. A company which formulates its objective without considering the welfare and its relations with the employees is likely to cause a huge barrier towards the success of the business organization. Business organizations should also include workers representatives in planning and decision-making process. References Farndale, E., Pai, A., Sparrow, P., Scullion, H. (2014). Balancing individual and Organizational goals in global talent management: A mutual-benefits perspective. Journal of World Business, 49(2), 204-214. Fossum, J. A. (2014). Labor relations. McGraw Hill Higher Education. Gall, G. (Ed.). (2016). the future of union organizing: Building for tomorrow. Springer. Gheorghe, M., M?da, S., S?ftoiu, R. (2015). Decision-making process in some Romanian Workplace meetings. L'Analisi Linguistica e Letteraria 2008-2, 821. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Pearson. Hales, S. D. (2014). Motivations for Relativism as a Solution to Disagreements. Philosophy, 89(01), 63-82. Hon, A. H., Bloom, M., Crant, J. M. (2014). Overcoming resistance to change and enhancing Creative performance. Journal of Management, 40(3), 919-941. Madhusudhan, P. S., Nagarajamurthy, B. (2015). Concept of Probation. International Journal Of Innovative Research and Development|| ISSN 22780211, 4(8). Millward, L. J., Brewerton, P. M. (2015). Psychological Contracts: Employee Relations For The. Personnel Psychology and Human Resources Management: A Reader for Students and Practitioners, 377.

Treasure Island Essays (3656 words) - Treasure Island,

Treasure Island Character of Interest My favorite character in Treasure Island is captain Long John Silver. This character really stood out to me. The reason being that he was a very respected and or feared pirate among everyone that knew him. He had a very complex personality, at first he seemed to be the kindest person is the whole book, but later he really reveals what he is capable of and you soon learn it is really a act. Long John Silver is a very hard man to understand. It's very hard to even describe him. He could be very friendly and nice, which he looked like. He had lost his leg above the knee so he hobbled around on a crutch, which he could move around remarkably good, he dressed in your average seamen clothes, thick sea cloth pants with a button up shirt and a tri-corner hat with the only one he trusted perched on his shoulder, his parrot he named Captain Flint. He really looked to be a friendly old man. But he was much more than he appeared, he was evil enough to kill someone for looking at him wrong. And if you met someone like him on the street, you would never think he could do the things he did. And yet his fellow mates gave him more respect then the Captain Smollett or anyone else, I believe much of it came from fear though, if you weren't a close friend of his you could have much to fear from him. First of all, this pirate changes from a proud captain, to a beggar. When the real captain (Captain Smollett) hires Long John Silver as the ship's cook he seems very kind and respectful, in fact he even picks the hole crew for the Hispaniola (later to his advantage he finds out). When Jim Hawkins meets him he treats Jim as his he was his own grandson, and shares his stories and experiences with him, which is usually uncommon for a pirate to be so kind, he tells Jim he reminds him of himself as a young lad. In fact Long John owns a pub in Bristol, England, and he sees a man run out the door with out paying for his rum, instead of running outside firing guns down the street at him he ask one of his fellow sailors to chase him down and get his pay, which I expected him to ask to get his throat slit. But later Long John organizes a mutiny and plans to take over the ship so that they are to find the treasure. And when they are ashore he single handily kills ever loyal man aboard and assumes position of captain and leader of the mutineers. And during the end when his plans for treasure are lost, and every man on his side is either dead or lost on the island he swallows his pride and does his best to please everyone hoping they won't abandon him on the island, which I couldn't believe, I thought he would tell them to go to hell rather then answer to them. So he acts differently, but he thought the same, I know if he had a chance he would kill them all in the night. So he really doesn't change at all. I don't really believe that I connect or related to this character at all. He lived in a completely different time than me and has done things I only know of from stories like this. But there was one thing I did admire about him, that was that he always keep his word. Even when he makes a bargain with his enemies he had a chance to shoot and kill them in the back, but he didn't, even though it was his second goal of the book was to kill them he made a promise to let them go safely, and he did. Theme The main theme of Treasure Island is that crime doesn't pay. Long John Silver lost his entire crew, some at by his own hand, trying to get the treasure. And ended with nothing compared to what he thought he was going to. He had this master plan to organize to take over the ship, obtain the treasure map, find the treasure, steal the ship for him and his men, planning to leave Captain Smollett and his crew dead or alive on the island. And then leave

Visual Arts Essays - Aesthetics, Art Movements, Art History

Visual Arts Essays - Aesthetics, Art Movements, Art History Visual Arts Kendall R. Beard University of Phoenix Define Visual Arts Visual expressions are the making of a person's creative ability in various types of workmanship, for example, canvases, drawing, film, photography, makes, music, gems plan and so forth. These works of art are made to empower the faculties of feeling, feeling, and thought about the onlooker. The visual craftsmanship makes an extraordinary affair for each individual eyewitness whether the response is furious, happy, or tragic. The workmanship should make this sort of response which may contrast from one individual to the next. Because one individual does not comprehend the message that the craftsman is attempting to send does not imply that different onlookers won't get the message. Everybody individual has their own kind of reaction and response. Differentiate the visual arts from other forms of creative expression. All through the historical backdrop of craftsmanship, various craftsmen have made some kind of workmanship expressions that vary from each other inside their own class. For instance, works of art have their own diverse sorts of inventive expressions that communicates the craftsmen message using distinctive styles of hues and shapes inside the canvas. A few craftsmen like to delineate sensational scenes and some like to make depictions of genuine articulations of reality. Underneath will list distinctive inventive expressions including painting: Realism - Realism creative expression delineates scenes that are conspicuous as being reasonable. A case of authenticity expression is the well-known Mona Lisa painting. Impressionism - Numerous well known painters, for example, Renoir and Manet use impressionism. Impressionism delineates striking visual scenes of area, water, and air that is seen through the craftsmen eyes. A lake, lake, or a delightful scene demonstrating the mountain perspective and meadows is a case of impressionism. Photo-realism - Photorealism is like realism yet rather than painting the craftsmanship, photographs are utilized to express what the craftsmen sees, for example, light and shade of a specific item. Street Art - Street Art is an extremely mainstream innovative expression regularly utilized by young people. The craftsmen would portray their social and political studies through wall paintings and graffiti. A large portion of these specialists have not had the preparation, for example, craftsmen that utilization authenticity and impressionism inside their specialty. While compositions have diverse styles of communicating the craftsmen creative ability and innovativeness, there are different types of making imaginative expressions that have their own style. Music for instance is a work of art expression that has numerous classes. Music is shaped through various classification sorts, for example, nation, pop, traditional, metal, rock and move, reggae, and so forth. Music has numerous more sorts of kinds and styles then the class of artworks. There is even a classification of music that the performer makes with their mouth which is called beat-boxing which is genuinely new, presented in the 21st century. Likewise, in numerous areas all through the world are different societies and legacy that have their own one of a kind sorts of music. Trinidad and Tobago are known not steel skillet that make exceptionally one of a kind sounds while K-Pop of Korea are known not appealing beats with a blend of rock, pop, hip-jump, and RB. Music is an extremely well known type of craftsmanship expression that is utilized as a part of today's general public more than a work of art. List the different media of visual art such as painting, sculpture, photography, and so on. There are a wide range of mediums that can be utilized to show the specialists creative energy, sentiments, and feeling. These mediums can go from works of art, models, calligraphy, photography, and so on. Beneath will list the kind of mediums utilized as a part of visual workmanship alongside its depiction: Painting - Painting is one of the main extraordinary present day workmanship developments. The work of art fine art generally speaks to the specialist's creative energy through painting on some kind of canvas or paper. The craftsmen utilize a brush and numerous sorts of hues to make workmanship. Numerous can say that work of art is a path for the specialists to speak with the gathering of people. The craftsmanship can be either a scene, still life, pop workmanship, and some more. Leonardo da

Designing and implementing questionnaires and interviews Essay

Designing and implementing questionnaires and interviews - Essay Example The following questionnaire is for teachers, parents and students (both members of the study group and the control group) designed by just encircling the number to indicate the degree of agreement or disagreement to the statements provided: 17.) With the emergence of unethical materials and illegal and prohibited information in the internet (e.g. pornography and other clandestine ways of conducting business using the web) do you think this will affect the students’ learning process? Information and data collection are one of the exciting parts of research, though they can be tiring. But this is not to say that they are difficult. When you put a lot of effort in it, data collection can be challenging. You have to earn the cooperation of your respondents; you’ve to build a close rapport with them. In the initial part of the information gathering, some doubts and negative thoughts entered my mind as to how the whole thing can be quite successful, to say the least. Gathering all the data together, doing all the things that seemed to be countless tasks, and executing what I had in mind, seemed impossible to do all at the same time. Then, a lot of ideas also entered my mind which seemed not to point to a particular direction. Aside from the preparations for the interviews and questionnaires, I had to do a lot of research from previous studies, and opinions of experts, teachers, and parents, not only on the contents of the questionnaires but on the actual conduct of the interviews. After you have tried the techniques of brainstorming, branching, or making up journalistic questions and flowcharts, you may also find it useful to try discovery writing. This step can be helpful, especially once you have formulated a thesis statement. (69) This is putting ideas into writing without first arranging or editing them. Just put them down into writing, and then later you’ll discover what and how they’ll come out. Langosch says this is known as â€Å"free

Position Arguments on Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Position Arguments on Immigration - Essay Example en (160) points out some of these central immigration setbacks such as political tussles and dissension, multiplex wide contradictory state standpoints which have resulted in subsidized final U.S.A immigration procedures (161). Steve points out that vast attempts by the developing nations to combat immigration via coming up with new rules has flopped. Tim Johnson (163) proclaims in his Free Trade: As U.S.A Corn Flows South, Mexicans Stop Farming that free trade standpoint is not the perfect option in curbing immigration since controlled by vast firms (and bureaus) and managed by global associates such as the International Monetary Fund altogether with North America Free Trade Agreement which as a result has led to disparity and inconsistencies among the Latin American states overall financial systems (164). Brandon Hill (168) in Tennessee Daily Life points out that this financial recession came about after vast agribusiness agencies purchased large territories of Mexican cultivation lands and hence compelling the poverty-stricken inhabitants to shift and resettle. The unsettled poverty-stricken individuals result to seeking refuge from advanced states inclusive of the United States of America. Samuel P. Huntington (169) in his The Special Case of Mexican Immigration asserts that it is prerequisite to differentiate between settlers and immigrants, quoting that immigrants transverse between one or several societies (or communities for that matter). Huntington shows concern over the unwon immigrant’s battle. He points outs that, if for instance, the immigrants were issued with documents of residents after every ten years since 19th century; almost 1% of the emigration menace would have been cleared each succeeding year (170). In addition, David L. Altheide (180) in his The Arizona Syndrome: Propaganda and the Politics of Fear proclaims that fear has largely constituted into the contemporary erroneous statistics in the mass media concerning the illicit emigrants

Protein Diet in Athletes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protein Diet in Athletes - Essay Example The muscle growth depends on the balance between protein synthesis (anabolism) and protein breakdown (catabolism). Exercise affects this balance and for activities that cause muscle hypertrophy, the anabolic process must exceed the catabolic process. In highly physically active individuals, proteins enhance nitrogen retention and prevent protein catabolism during prolonged exercise. Besides, they prevent sports anemia and resynthesize muscle glycogen after exercise. The balance between anabolic and catabolic processes in the body can be determined by the essential amino acid, leucine. A positive leucine balance indicates the presence of the acid in the cells that favor protein anabolism. Decrease in amino acid availability due to low protein intake increases muscle protein catabolism while increased amino acid availability stimulates muscle protein synthesis and greater muscle anabolism. Hormones such as insulin and testosterone also play a role in muscle protein synthesis and hypert rophy. After exercise, insulin inhibits further muscle protein breakdown, and when small amounts of amino acids are ingested with carbohydrates, transient muscle protein anabolism occurs since carbohydrates restore supply. Amino acid supplementation and impact the athlete’s performance No consensus has been reached on the role of amino acid supplementation on athlete’s performance. Williams (2005) noted that when branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation is used before and after exercise.

Role of Hospitality Related Organizations

Role of Hospitality Related Organizations AC 1.3 Assess the role of hospitality related organizations and professional bodies. This research is about the role of the hospitality related organizations and the professional bodies involved, it will also state the role of hospitality related organizations and professional bodies in the UK like the People 1st, British Hospitality Association, Institute of Hospitality and British Institute of Innkeepers, Springboard UK. An assessment of the role of the listed hospitality organization and professional bodies will be made then a conclusion will be drawn to about the above mention. Listed below are the roles of four hospitality related organizations and the professional bodies: People 1st Work with employers to implement solution to increase performance via people. Act as a means of accreditation for colleges and training providers to certify their training programs. People 1st support regional and local bodies growth plans, from destination organizations to councils and local enterprise partnerships (LEPs) says people1st.co.uk Helps with job opportunities and information (people1st.co.uk) British Hospitality Association Implement new polices that create new jobs. 5|Page Contribute to export earnings. Creates a competitive advantage for the UK. (British Hospitality Association, 2016) Institute of Hospitality Its an educational system which certifies students in all aspects of the hospitality sectors worldwide. Supports and approve the hospitality training. (instituteofhospitality.org) British Institute of Innkeepers Represent workers across the hospitality industry. Provide advice and support. Promote professional standards. (BII, 2016) Springboard UK Help youths to achieve their goal. Help people to find jobs. Promote hospitality and tourism. Provide learning outcome for teachers to make their classes Innovative. (springboard.uk.net) The hospitality industry is a very vast and growing industry with different sectors and millions of people working in it to make it function, organizations and professional bodies have been developed to help make this industry flow by engaging in training and certifying activities and to be the back-bone supporter of the people working in the industry. Some of these organization are springboard UK, British Institute of Innkeepers, Institute of Hospitality, British Hospitality Association and People 1st.The springboard UK is responsible for influencing the young people to achieve their goals and to help people of all ages to be employed, they also promote the hospitality and tourism industry (springboard.uk.net). Springboard UK is important as it act as a haven for not only young people bout all  ages so they can have a second chance. British Institute of innkeepers act as a union to support, help and give advice when every they need it, this body is exceptional because the workers need someone to help voice their opinion and problems (BII, 2016). Institute of hospitality is a charity organization that help people to be certified in any sector of their choice doing this promotes the hospitality industry and helps people who cant afford to attend a hospitality school (instituteofhospitality.org). Peoples 1st roles are to increase performance also act as a means of accreditation for hospitality schools doing this helps with job opportunities because upon hiring, companies want to know that the person they are hiring are well accredited (People1st.co.uk, 2016)). Conclusion In conclusion, the role of the organization and professional bodies are very much important to both the industry and the people and it plays a major role in the UK hospitality industry, with helping with job opportunities, training, accreditation for schools also being the voice of the people put it a set above, thus making this very vast industry more manageable.

Education :: essays research papers

From the ancient years many people tried to infect their knowledge to others. It was not difficult even for an inferior civilization to understand that the education was absolutely necessary, so the capitulary of education is ancient. Education is one of the most important tools that a society possesses. The right implementation of this tool is one of the greatest ways of assuring the quality of life within a society. The ability to better ourselves, is one of the strongest abilities of the human race. Without the consistent development of the human race, life would be nothing more than survival. At its most basic level of definition, education is nothing more than the teaching of ideas. The early stages of schooling instil more attitude and social skills than knowledge. The younger stages of a person's life are usually the most definable years of their lives. For this reason many rudimentary skills are taught. As the age and skill level of the student increases, more education is based upon the interest of the student. For society to progress and excel every generation must learn just a little more. Education has its downfalls. Students are only taught what society sees fit to teach them. If a society doesn't want students to learn about a certain period of history, then it is not taught. Education is a tool to succeed in life. The quality of education that a student receives depends upon many issues. One of the biggest differences in education is between public and private schools. In a society that values money, such as ours, the rich are given a better background in education than most people. For the general public, students are taught the same material, and excel at different rates than other students. The people that don't grasp the material usually fall behind and become the working class within our society. Those that excel become the backbone of our society, fuelling our economy and developing ideas within our world. The difference in education is not only is not only the skill that is provided, but also the attitude. Every person is different, and some people lack the ability to work in a technical field. Everyone has a place in society, and some people will work hard physically all of their lives.

My Personal Goals And Expectation As A Student Essay

It has been 20 years since I have been in school and I want to be here at The University of Phoenix to finally get the degree that I have put off for so many years. I realize there may be road blocks ahead of me that I am not aware of at this time, but I am making a commitment to myself to be successful. The road I have chosen is long overdue, but I believe it is the right choice and something I strongly desire. I selected the U of P due the accelerated program offered, the high caliber of educators, and recommendations by friends. After just one class, I’m very excited about my choice and look forward to the challenges ahead. At the U of P, I hope to obtain the knowledge and tools to help me be successful and to finally make things â€Å"right† with myself and my employer. I say this as, in the past, I have misled my former and current employers that I have an education beyond high school. Through hard work and dedication, I have been able to produce and prosper in my professional life, even without an education beyond high school. But I feel with a â€Å"real† degree in hand, I’ll be more confident and proud of myself for the hard work and dedication it will take to accomplish this goal. Also, the dark cloud of my misrepresentation will finally be lifted. I believe I will finally be proud of myself and gain the honor and integrity I desire. My personal goal is to obtain a Bachelors degree in Business Management. As I pursue my goal at U of P, I must dedicate myself. To achieve this goal, there must be commitment, discipline, desire and expectations. There will be many challenges that lie ahead of me as I steadily make my journey to achieving a degree. But I feel I can overcome any obstacles and face any challenge, due to my maturity level and positive outlook. Twenty years ago, I did not feel the need or have the desire as I do now. Other than the obvious goal of obtaining a degree, I hope to finally have the skills, knowledge and tools to obtain further success in my professional life. I also feel a degree will give me more confidence in myself both personally and professionally. The education that I will receive will help me tremendously in my professional career. I feel I will be much more marketable to my present employer as well as future employers. Advancement  opportunities will come to fruition as I go through the educational improvement process. Throughout this new learning process, I hope to develop the skills to be a better communicator, both orally and in written communications. I’ve always somewhat lacked confidence in writing and I hope to gain the skills to write effective letters and reports. I hope to develop leadership skills and have confidence in myself and in the decisions I make. I hope to learn how to set priorities and manage my time better both at home and at work. Just making the decision and taking the steps to further my education feels liberating and eases the anxiety I’ve always felt about not furthering my education. I feel my fears about â€Å"not measuring up† will subside and a sense of camaraderie will develop with my associates at work. Since beginning classes, I hope the stimulation I feel now will continue to grow and ease the fears I’ve always had about â€Å"learning† again. I expect my confidence level to rise and as I get more confidence, my mind will open up to new ideas and better ways of doing things. I hope this stimulating environment will foster new ideas that I can use in my professional life. Above all, I believe this journey will bring to me a sense of accomplishment, pride, and confidence. In my personal life, I realize I must make many sacrifices. The time I must invest in obtaining a degree will require I give up the very little free time I currently enjoy with my family. My work schedule is extremely full now and leaves very little time with my family. Taking classes will totally eliminate any time I had to spend with them, but they are very supportive and understand the rewards we will all reap from this undertaking. I’m doing this for all of us, as I know the personal and professional growth and successes will be invaluable for our future.

An Exploration of the ways Shakespeare dramatises Essay

Shakespeare’s portrayal of teenage experience in Romeo and Juliet is one of the most well known and often imitated in existence, and this is because of how well he captures some of it’s aspects – the idea of first love, isolation and rebellion – but with enough melodrama and exaggeration to make it the basis for entertainment on stage. Despite being written nearly half a millennia ago, Shakespeare’s play is still studied in schools today because so much of the subject matter is still relevant – the star crossed lovers are as much at home in modern Miami in Baz Luhrman’s film adaptation as they are in feudal Verona – and while the details may have changed, Romeo and Juliet would lead us to conclude that teenage experience in particular has many of the same elements now as it did in Shakespearean times. Romeo and Juliet are a pair of love-struck teenagers trapped between their desire to be together and the long and bloody feud between their families. However the play begins as Romeo is pining for another girl he professes to be in love with, Rosaline. She represents the petrarchan ideal; an unattainable woman Romeo idolises and rarefies, who his love for is unrequited – a direct contrast with the immediate mutual amorousness he and Juliet share. Here, Shakespeare chooses to depict teenage love as melodramatic, superficial and fickle. Romeo seems to almost obsess over Rosaline, though only upon her good looks and the fact that she has decided to ‘remain chaste’ despite his advances upon her. In scene one of Act one, Romeo bombards Benvolio with a torrent of oxymorons – â€Å"O brawling love, O loving hate! † – to describe the depression and emotional turmoil his love for Rosaline is causing inside him, a girl whom he barely knows but says is â€Å"†¦ rich in beauty†. Romeo describes being in love as being a weight upon him, in act one scene one love is a â€Å"heavy lightness† and a â€Å"feather of lead†, and then in scene four before entering the Capulet’s masked ball he says he has â€Å"a soul of lead†. In spite of this, later when he sneaks into the Capulet’s garden to see Juliet, he describes himself as having â€Å"love’s light wings† further contrasting his love for Juliet against his previous feelings for Rosaline, showing this is a different, higher form of love. In a moment of male camaraderie, Mercutio jokes with Romeo, implying the heavy weight he feels is that which lovers feel on each other during intercourse, and suggests he â€Å"borrow cupid’s wings†. After he meets Juliet the language he uses changes, and becomes far less coarse and less fraught with innuendo – later, they talk in sonnet and rhyme each other’s lines in order to show there is a deeper connection between them. As they share their first kiss, both Romeo and Juliet’s speech becomes rich with religious imagery â€Å"For saints have hands that pilgrims’ hands do touch, and palm to palm is holy palmers kiss† presenting their love here as something spiritual and sacred, and after the kiss Romeo even says â€Å"my sin is purged†, likening it to a divine and religious experience. The idea of love is shown from a completely different perspective in act one scene two, as Capulet and Count Paris discuss arranging a marriage between him and Juliet. Capulet shows a level of kindness and understanding which he seems to lose later in the play, as he says it is Juliet’s decision whether she marries and that it would be a mistake for her to marry so young, â€Å"too soon marred are those early made† although this could mean spoiled by childbirth, increasing the degree to which Juliet is treated like an object in the conversation. Paris comes off as being rather shamelessly lecherous, as he protests Capulet stating that Juliet is a child and too young to be married by saying â€Å"Younger than she are happy mothers made†. Even without the war between their families, it is clear that there are heavy societal constraints burdening both Romeo and Juliet, especially regarding their relationships with their parents. Juliet doesn’t get along with her mother, and when in the play she is told she must marry Paris she pleads with her mother to try and stop it she is met with a withering verbal blow, â€Å"Talk not to me, for I’ll not speak a word†¦ I have done with thee. † Clearly her relationship with her mother isn’t very strong, unlike her relationship with her nurse. In Act three scene one Lady Capulet asks the nurse to fetch Juliet so she may broach the subject of marriage with her, and it is obvious from the nurse’s fawning over Juliet and the way she talks about her that they are much closer than Juliet and her mother, and the nurse says â€Å"I might live to see thee married once, I have my wish. † – vocalising an ambition usually held by a mother to see her own daughter married, making the disparity between Lady Capulet’s cold and clinical appraisal of the situation and the nurses bawdy, vulgar one even more noticeable. The nurse is genial and kind and has a penchant for making coarse remarks and often makes them without realising it, when Lady Capulet says marrying Paris will make Juliet â€Å"no less† the nurse agrees saying â€Å"No less? Nay, bigger! Women grow by men. † She is a role model for Juliet and gives her advice and counsel, but her irresponsibility is shown when after goading Juliet on with her relationship with Romeo and facilitating their marriage, following Romeo’s exile she completely changes her mind and advises Juliet to marry Paris: â€Å"Since the case stands as now it doth, I think it best you married with the County† She realises she has made a mistake encouraging Juliet and had not fully thought about the consequences. Romeo shares a similar relationship with Friar Lawrence, except more of one of two close friends than a father and son. Romeo is never on stage with either of his parents at any time during the play; his absence demonstrates both an inability to communicate and show of teenage rebellion. He rejects them and the society and responsibilities they represent in favour of the Friar’s advice – which while often more sensible than the Nurse’s and driven by his naiveti in hoping to unite the families by encouraging Romeo and Juliet to marry, is still irresponsible.

How a School Administrator Becomes an Effective Leader

How a School Administrator Becomes an Effective Leader Great leadership is the key to success in any school. The best schools will have an effective school leader or group of leaders. Leadership not only sets the stage for long-term achievement, but it ensures that there will be sustainability long after theyre gone. In a school setting, a leader must be multifaceted as they deal with other administrators, teachers, support staff, students, and parents on a daily basis. This is not an easy job, but many administrators are experts at leading the various subgroups. They can effectively work with and support every person at the school. How does a school administrator become an effective school leader? There is not a single answer to this question but a blend of qualities and characteristics that yield an effective leader. An administrators actions over the course of time also help them to become a true school leader. Lead by Example A leader understands that others are continuously watching what they are doing and how they respond to certain situations. They arrive early and stay late. A leader remains calm in times where there may be chaos. A leader volunteers to help and assist in areas where they are needed. They carry themselves inside and outside of the school with professionalism and dignity. They do their best to make informed decisions that will benefit their school. They can admit when a mistake is made. Have a Shared Vision A leader has a continuous vision for improvement that guides how they operate. They are never satisfied and always believe they can do more. They are passionate about what they do. They are able to get those around them to buy into their vision and to become as enthusiastic about it as they are. A leader is not afraid to expand or to scale back their vision when appropriate. They actively seek input from those around them. A leader has both a short-term vision to meet immediate needs, and a long-term vision to meet future needs. Be Well Respected A leader understands that respect is something that is earned naturally over time. They do not force others around them to respect them. Instead, they earn others respect by giving respect. Leaders give others around them the opportunities to be their best. Highly respected leaders may not always be agreed with, but people almost always listen to them. Be a Problem Solver School administrators face unique situations every day. This ensures that the job is never boring. A leader is an efficient problem solver. They are able to find effective solutions that benefit all parties involved. They are not afraid to think outside the box. They understand that each situation is unique and that there is not a cookie-cutter approach to how to do things. A leader finds a way to make things happen when no one believes that it can be done. An Effective School Leader Is Selfless A leader puts others first. They make humble decisions that may not necessarily benefit themselves, but instead is the best decision for the majority. These decisions may instead make their job increasingly difficult. A leader sacrifices personal time to help where and when they are needed. They are not worried about how they look as long as it is benefiting their school or school community. Be an Exceptional Listener A leader has an open door policy. They do not dismiss anyone that feels that they need to talk to them. They listen to others fervently and wholeheartedly. They make them feel that they are important. They work with all parties to create a solution and keep them informed throughout the process. A leader understands that others around them have potentially brilliant ideas. They continuously solicit input and feedback from them. When someone else has a valuable idea, a leader gives them credit. Adapt to Change A leader understands that situations change and are not afraid to change with them. They quickly assess any situation and adapt appropriately. They are not afraid to change their approach when something is not working. They will make subtle adjustments or scrap a plan entirely and start from scratch. A leader uses the resources they have available and makes them work in any situation. Understand Individual Strengths and Weaknesses A leader understands that it is the individual parts in a machine that keeps the entire machine running. They know which of those parts are fine-tuned, which are in need of a little repair, and which could potentially need to be replaced. A leader knows each teacher’s individual strengths and weaknesses. They show them how to use their strengths to make an impact on and create personal development plans to improve their weaknesses. A leader also evaluates the entire faculty as a whole and provides professional development and training in areas where improvement is needed. Makes Those Around You Better A leader works hard to make every teacher better. They encourage them to grow continuously and improve. They challenge their teachers, create goals, and provide ongoing support for them. They schedule meaningful professional development and training for their staff. A leader creates an atmosphere where distractions are minimized. They encourage their teachers to be positive, fun, and spontaneous. Admit When You Make a Mistake A leader strives for perfection with the understanding that they are not perfect. They know that they are going to make mistakes. When they do make a mistake, they own up to that mistake. A leader works hard to rectify any issues that arise as a result of a mistake. The most important thing that a leader learns from their mistake is that is it should not be repeated. Hold Others Accountable A leader does not allow others to get away with mediocrity. They hold them accountable for their actions and reprimand them when necessary. Everyone including students have specific jobs to do at school. A leader will ensure that everyone understands what is expected of them while they are at school. They create specific policies that address each situation and enforce them when they are broken. An Effective School Leader Makes Difficult Decisions Leaders are always under the microscope. They are praised for their school’s successes and scrutinized for their failures. A leader will make difficult decisions that can lead to scrutiny. They understand that not every decision is the same and even cases with similarities may need to be handled differently. They evaluate each student discipline case individually and listen to all sides. A leader works hard to help a teacher improve, but when the teacher refuses to cooperate, they terminate them. They make hundreds of decisions each day. A leader evaluates each one thoroughly and makes the decision they believe will be the most beneficial for the entire school.

Management and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management and Leadership - Essay Example improving the morales of the one single employee or setting the direction for the whole new philosophy of the company,transformational leadership is about to make everyone’s life better. Research suggest that transformational leaders are ranked higher in their effectiveness and financial success besidies gaining enormous employee and customer loyalty. (Armstrong, 1996). However this transformational leadership itself depends upon the level of inspiration of the leader thus inspiration is considered as the essential component of the transformational leadership model. Follower development and follower building is the key to the success of transformational leadership thus it is very important that the leader must have a charimsatic personality. (Dvir, Eden, & Shamir, 2002). Further it is also believed that the transformational leadership has a very strong correlation with the peroformance of the organisation because since the employees get themselves acquinted with the leadership therefore the element of high performance come by itself and people start to associate themselves with the organisation and leadership in more better and fuller way. The evolution of management over the period of time suggest that the monetary benefits now have a very minor impact on the motivation of the employees and that the inspiration and willingness to get the personal satisfaction out of one’s work are now more dominating factors as for as the performance is concerned. The shift from the industrial to service orientation of the organisations neccessiated for the organisations to build strong relationships in order to sucessed. The interdependence of the resources including people and organisation therefore is now a very vital ingredient for the success and development of the organisations. Within this context, for nursing to enjoy a more longer term and better future, it is necessary that a transformational leadership shall come forward to take over the reins of this

Self Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Analysis Paper - Essay Example This is particularly more prevalent in male-dominated industries, such as the transportation industry, where I have been working for a long time. Others believe that an aggressive female manager will experience backlash, but not in my case, specifically when I work with men (Brescoll, 2011, p.626). As a result, when I work with the opposite sex, I act like a man who is more aggressive in expressing and negotiating my arguments and ideas. On the contrary, when I work with women, I am less aggressive and more empathetic. I prefer keeping peace than expressing aggressive ideas when dealing with women. Thus, I follow a double-standard approach when dealing with coworkers. Upon realizing my double-standard gender behaviors, I have become aware that my strengths are my long experience in working with men, which makes me aware of their non-verbal and verbal language and my ability to project a strong image that can elicit respect from men, although I do need to improve on my ability to be firm without necessarily being masculinized in the process. Being in the transportation business for so long, I know how to â€Å"read† and respond to men. I agree with Kimmel (2009) that some men continue to preserve masculine identities, where they believe that they must be the primary breadwinners and decision-makers in their families (p.326). I know who among my coworkers are traditional in this way and who are more liberal, which is seen in how they speak and interact with men and women, including female managers. This knowledge allows me to adapt to male egoism and how I can reduce their anxiety of being under a female manager. Another source of strength o f mine is that I can gain the respect of male subordinates. I do this through my masculine style of management, where I am direct in my rules and expectations and firm in my rewards and punishment measures. Despite these strengths, I do believe that I need to work on a more balanced gender management identity. I

How the Russian Economy Can Regain Its International Presence Essay

How the Russian Economy Can Regain Its International Presence - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of a Market Economy. Janos Kornai's book The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism is a useful point of departure for defining a market economy. Five distinctive features of a socialist economy versus a market economy follow naturally from his classification. First, the foremost criterion of the communist economy was the supremacy of the Communist Party, with its ideology and politics, over the economy. This is so evident that it is often neglected. Now it has ceased. The economy has become depoliticized. Second, centralized state allocation, with centralized commands to enterprises on physical output targets and deliveries, has ended. State orders lingered on for some time in 1992 and 1993, but now they have been whittled down to nothing. Vertical, administrative allocation has been replaced by free, horizontal bargaining between independent enterprises. The economy has been liberalized both internally and externally. For i mports, all quotas are gone, and the protectionism the researcher discusses amounts to the level of the customs tariffs. For exports, some quotas, licenses, and taxes remain, but export deregulation is proceeding and an important additional step was taken in a presidential edict of May 23, 1994. In spite of periodic setbacks in the internal liberalization, market saturation is increasing steadily. The allocation has become depoliticized.... Consequently, the remaining state enterprises are independent, as in a market economy. Ownership has been depoliticized. Fourth, the economy has been monetized and the ruble has become a real, reasonably convertible, currency, with a unified exchange rate that is market-deter-mined and floating. Admittedly, the volume of U.S. dollars in circulation and in Russian bank accounts exceeds the volume of Russian rubles in Russia, but the dollar is also a currency. The problem here is not lack of monetization but the stabilization of the ruble. Fifth, the last major hurdle to making Russia a market economy was to introduce hard budget constraints in enterprises. This was essentially done on September 25, 1993, when President Boris Yeltsin issued a decree abolishing subsidized credits. The refinance rate was already high and rose to 17.5 percent a month--that is, 593 percent a year--on October 15, 1993, and it has stayed high in real terms since then. The budget deficit has been kept fixed at about 9-10 percent of GDP. Thus, since October 1992, Russia and Russian enterprises have faced a severe monetary squeeze, and Russia has reacted exactly as market economies do: the inflation rate has fallen, from over 20 percent a month last year to about 9 percent a month from February through April 1994. As a result, during those months Russia had a positive real interest rate of 9 percent a month, or 180 percent a year. A Russian enterprise in trouble can no longer count on the state to bail it out. Credit has become relatively, thou gh not completely, depoliticized (Aslund p. 5-6). The current attempt at financial stabilization may fail, and the social costs of the Russian transition might rise higher because of gradualism and

The VIctim and Victmizer Essay Example for Free

The VIctim and Victmizer Essay We read five words on the first page of a really good novel and we begin to forget that we are reading printed words on a page; we begin to see images. These were the word spoken by John Gardner and describe exactly what a reader goes through in Millers Death of a Salesman. A victim is the one against whom the act is perpetrated against and the victimizer is the abuser of the crime. Throughout Death of a Salesman, the main character Willy Loman both victimzes his wife and two sons and is also victimized. Linda, who is Willys loyal wife, is victimized by Willy through disrespect. Willy Loman usually has no time for her, he show impatience towards her and responds to her very abruptly. Willy complains when she buys a new type of cheese and throughout the play, he yells at her often when she is mending her stockings. LINDA: Oliver always though the highest of him   WILLY: Will you let me talk?  BIFF: Dont yell at her, pop, will ya?  WILLY (angrily): I was talking, wasnt I?  (Miller, pg. 38)  It is clear that even Biff notices the disrespect of Willy towards his mother and he is hurt by it. In another scene, Biff describes his parents relationship.  BIFF: He always, always wiped the floor with you. Never had an ounce of respect for you.  (Miller, pg. 30) Even so, the disrespect is evident when the story unfolds and the audience is made aware that Willy has been cheating on Linda and giving her stockings to another woman. However much outrage this may cause the audience, the disgusting and appalling behaviour of Willy towards Linda, she too victimizes her husband. Although it is completely clear that she is a well-caring mother and wife, no one can deny that she plays a part in Willys death. Linda finds out about Willys deliberate car crashes and about the ripples in the gas line. She still supports him and pretends she knows nothing about it. She could have stopped Willy and helped him change instead of brushing it under the carpet and being ignorant to what was happening. Through that change, Willys death would have been avoided. She is afraid to hurt Willy and doesnt want him to know that she is aware of his feeble attempts of suicide. She wishes not to let Willy think that he has failed as a father and as a husband and has failed his financial responsibility.  BIFF: Did you have it taken off?  LINDA: Im Im ashamed to. How can I mention it to him? Everyday I go down and take away that little rubber pipe. But when he comes back home, I put it back where it was. How can I insult him that way? I dont know what to do. (Miller, pg. 60)  Furthermore, Willy also victimizes his son Biff and has many flashback memories of his son. Willys feelings towards Biff are very strong and though he has two sons, he seems more inclined towards pleasing Biff. Willy loves Biff and has high expectations for him and at the end of the play, he thinks he has done Biff a favour by committing suicide. When he was young, Willy could find no fault with Biff and does not scold him for cheating or stealing. Once, Willy asks Bernard to give Biff the answers for the test and hence teaches his son immoral behaviour of cheating to get ahead in life. As a result, Biff is victimized because he grows up not knowing the real difference between right and wrong and what is immoral and correct. At the end, when Biff leaves, he goes for a last visit to Willy and tells him that his life as a failure is the fault of Willy. Willy refuses to accept it and accuses him of spite and continues to repeat that he wont accept the blame. Biff replies to his father. BIFF: I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could never stand taking orders from anybody! Thats whose fault it is!  (Miller, pg. 131)  He also tells Willy that he and him are nothing and to give up his hopes for him.  BIFF (crying, broken): Will you let me go, for Christs sake? Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens?  (Miller, pg. 133)  Even so, Willys victimization led to Biff victimizing Willy. Willy is caught by Biff when he is cheating on his mother and there is another woman with him in the room in Boson. Biff loses the respect for his father and he becomes sour and disillusioned. BIFF: You fake! You phoney little fake! You fake!  (Miller, pg. 121)  So, the attitude that Willy had towards his sons and his disrespectful behaviour and cheating towards his wife lead Biff to victimize him by becoming a failure and losing all respect for his father. He loses hope of ever being what his father dreamed of him being one day.  In comparison, Willys attitude and relationship between Happy is different in that he does not expect very much from him and he doesnt have the high hopes and dreams for him like he does for Biff. His victimization of Happy is when he ignores or giver very little attention to him although Happy tends to be an attention-seeker throughout the play. Willy hardly ever speaks to him and if he does, it is through Biff or related to him somehow. Happy also victimizes Willy by not letting him down about the other woman and he ignored and denies Willy as his father later in the story when they meet at the Chop-House. LEETA: Dont you want to tell your father   HAPPY: No, thats not my father. Hes just a guy.  (Miller, pg. 115)  He also tells lies about it to his mother when he is questioned by her.  He then goes to later lies about it to his mother, Linda, when she rebukes them for deserting him in the restaurant for girls,  LINDA (shouting after Biff): You invite him for dinner. He looks forwards for it all dayand then you desert him there. Theres no stranger youd do that to.  HAPPY: He had a swell time with us. Listen when I desert him, I hope I dont outlive the day!  (Miller, pg. 123) To conclude, Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is filled with victimizations throughout the play whether they are directly or indirectly targeted. Willy victimizes his wife and his two sons but is also victimized by them throughout the play. But the real tragedy of his victimization is that it leads to more harm than he originally caused and he becomes the biggest victim of it also. In turn, the audience is shocked to see that he turns to victimize those closest to him. To some, he may be deserving of victimization, but others may sympathize with him and say justice has not been served.

Antivirus Research And Development Techniques

Antivirus Research And Development Techniques Antivirus software is the most booming product which has constant developments to be most up to date defensive detecting product competing with all other antivirus software products available in the commercial market. This thesis covers few techniques used by the antivirus products, a general background information about viruses and antivirus products, some research made on antivirus overheads which shows what overheads are introduced to the computer on using an antivirus products, a research made on one of the most important and common technique used by the antivirus software products to detect viruses which is signature based detection, also covers how antivirus software is updated and how new virus signatures are updated to the virus database. There is some research also on selected algorithms used by the techniques, here in this thesis it is explained how each selected algorithm works to detect the code or a file as an infected file or uninfected. In the experimentation, the expe riment is done to detect a virus using three selected popularly known antivirus software products, where reports shown by the three products are compared and concluded. Chapter 1: Introduction A life without computers cannot be imagined in the present life style where it plays a very important role though it might be any field one chooses from the millions. Computer is vulnerable to attacks which are most dangerous and hard to handle with. Just like humans even computers are attacked by viruses. A virus can be in a form of worm, malware or Trojan horses anything that infects the computer. The common source of these viruses is World Wide Web where a malicious person can spread the malware very easily. Many researchers found many methods or procedures to stop the attacks of virus that came up with many techniques or software to remove the viruses which are called Anti-Virus software. A computer virus spreads into the computer through emails, floppy disks, internet and many other sources. The spreading mechanism is usually from one computer to another where it corrupts data or deletes the data from the computer. The viruses mostly spread through internet or through emails which may have some hidden illicit software where the user unknowingly downloads the material into the computer. A virus can attack or cause damage to boot sector, system files, data files, software and also on system bios. There are many newer viruses which attack on many other parts of the computer. Viruses can spread by booting the computer using the infected file, executing or installing the infected file, or by opening the infected data or file. The main hardware sources can be floppy disks, compact disks, USB or external hard drives or a connection with other computer on an unsafe medium. This rapid growth of viruses is challenging the antivirus software in different fields like prevention of viruses, preparation, detection, recovery and control of viruses. Nowadays there are so many antivirus software tools that remove viruses from the PC and helps protect from future attacks. Antivirus raises privacy and security issues of our computers we work on which is a major issue. However, after taking so many safety measures the growth of viruses is rapidly increasing which are most dangerous and wider. In this thesis, a history on viruses and evolution of antivirus software is shown where I will explain about how viruses came into existence and what type of viruses evolved and antivirus software discovery. This general criteria of this thesis is mainly targeted on three selected techniques and is mostly concentrated one technique out of the selected three techniques and scanning methods of antivirus products and also gives a basic scenario of how an antivirus product adopts a framework to update the virus database and also gives some information about how a general computer gets an information to update the product to make it ready to defend against the zero-day viruses. A brief comparison of viruses based on types where the definitions and related threats of viruses will be explained and the working effects of each type of viruses are explained. The working of antivirus software on different types of viruses is explained. Analysis of the current antivirus techniques, showing both advantages and disadvantages. In chapter 2 gives you the general outline of the thesis in which you can know a general history of the viruses, evolution of the antivirus software. A definition to the virus, types of viruses, the most common methods or techniques used. In chapter 3 Literature Review, shows the research and review of some selected papers or literature that I found interesting about w antivirus software. In this chapter, there is research in which some antivirus products, techniques and algorithms compared according to the developments in the recent times. Chapter 4 Experimentation part of the thesis where the comparison of different commercial antivirus products based on their efficiency to detect a virus is shown and also the results are based on false positives, false negatives and hit ratios shown by each antivirus product. Chapter 5 Conclusion concludes the thesis summarizing research and experimentation done on antivirus products. Appendix holds relevant information about the undefined key words or frameworks used in this thesis. Chapter 2 Overview This chapter gives general information about the viruses and antivirus giving some basic information about the virus history and when the antivirus software evolved. There different types of viruses and are classified according to the attacking features. This chapter will lead to better understanding of the techniques used by the antivirus products and also gives you basic knowledge about different antivirus products. 2.1 History of Viruses The computer virus is a program that copies itself to the computer without user permission and infects the system (Vinod et al. 2009). Virus basically means an infection which can be of many types of malware which include worms, trojan horses, rootkits, spyware and adware. The first work on computer programs was done by John Von Neumann in 1949 (wiki 2010). In his work he suggested that a computer program (the term virus was still not invented) can self-reproduce. The first virus was discovered in early 1990s which is Creeper virus. Creeper copies itself to other computers over a network and shows messages on the infected machine: IM THE CREEPER: CATCH ME IF YOU CAN. It was harmless but to catch the Creeper and stop it the Reaper was released. In 1974 Rabbit a program that spreads and multiples itself quickly and crashes the infected system after it reaches a certain limit or number of copies. In 1980s the virus named Elk Cloner has infected many PCs. The Apple II computer which was released in 1977 loads its operating system from the floppy disks, using these characteristics the Elk Cloner installed itself to the boot sector of the floppy disk and was loaded already before the operating system. Â ©Brain was the first stealth IBM-compatible virus. This stealth virus hides itself from being known and when detected it attempts to read the infected boot sector and displays the original, uninfected data. In 1987 the most dangerous virus got into news was Vienna virus which was first to infect the .COM files. Whenever the infected file was called it infects the other .COM files in the same directory. It was the first virus that was successfully neutralized by Bernd Fix and which leads to the idea of antivirus software. Then there were many viruses which were Cascade virus the first self-encrypting virus, Suriv Family virus which was a memory resident DOS file virus. Extremely dangerous virus was Datacrime virus which destructs FAT tables and cause loss of data. In 1990s there was Chameleon Virus, Concept virus and then CIH virus and in 2000s there were ILOVEYOU virus, My Doom Sasser. (Loebenberegr 2007) Vinod et al. 2009 defines computer virus as A program that infects other program by modifying them and their location such that a call to an infected program is a call to a possibly evolved, functional similar, copy of virus. To protect from the attacks, the antivirus software companies include many different methodologies for protecting against the virus attacks. 2.2 Virus Detectors The virus detector scans the file or a program to check whether file/program is malicious or benign. In this research there will be usage of some technical terms and detection methods which are defined below. The main goal for testing the file/program is to find for false positives, false negatives and hit ratio.(Vinod et. al. 2009) False Positive: This takes place when the scanner detects a non-infected file as a virus by error. They can be a waste of time and resources. False Negatives: This occurs when the scanners fail to detect the virus in an infected files. Hit Ratio: This happens when the virus scanner scans the virus. Detections are based on 3 types of malware which are: Basic In basic type the malware attacks the program at the entry point as shown in the figure 2.2.1. The control is transferred to virus payload as the entry point itself is infected. Infected Code Main Code Entry Infected by virus Figure 2.2.1 Attacking system by basic malware. (Vinod et al 2009) Polymorphic Polymorphic viruses are viruses which mutates by hiding the original code the virus consists of encrypted malware code along with decrypted unit. They create new mutants very time it is executed. The figure 2.2.2 shows how the main code or original code is encrypted by infected file to produce a decrypted virus code. Virus Code Decrypted Code Main Code Entry Encrypted by infected file Figure 2.2.2 Attacking system by polymorphic viruses. (Vinod et al 2009) Metamorphic Metamorphic viruses can reprogram themselves using some obfuscation techniques so that the new variants are not same as the original. It sees that the signatures of the subsets are not same as the main set. Form B Virus A Form A S1 S2 S3 Figure 2.2.3 Attacking system by metamorphic viruses. (Vinod et al 2009) The above figure 2.2.3 shows that the original virus and form of that virus have different signatures where s1, s2 s3 are different signatures. 2.3 Detection Methods 2.3.1 Signature based detection Here the scanners search for signatures which are sequence of bytes within the virus code and shows that the programs scanned are malicious. The signatures are developed easy if the network behavior is identified. Signature based detection is based on pattern matching. The pattern matching techniques evolved from times when the operating system was DOS. The viruses then were parasitic in nature and used to attack the host files and most common executable files. (Daniel, Sanok 2005) 2.3.2 Heuristic based detection Heuristics describe a method of scanning a virus by evaluating the patterns of behaviors. It takes the possibility of the file or program being a virus by testing the uniqueness and behavior matching them to the database of the antivirus heuristic which contains number of indicators. It is helpful to discover those viruses which does not have signatures or hides their signatures. It is also helpful to detect the metamorphic viruses (Daniel, Sanok 2005) 2.3.3 Obfuscation Technique This technique is used by the viruses to transform an original program into virus program using some transformation functions which makes the virus program irreversible, performs comparably with original program and has the functions of the original program. This technique is used mainly by metamorphic and polymorphic viruses. (Daniel, Sanok 2005) Antivirus Products There are many antivirus products available in the commercial market. Some of the most commonly used antivirus products are: McAfee G Data Symantec Avast Kaspersky Trend Micro AVG Bit Defender Norton ESET Nod32 Chapter 3: Literature Review 3.1 Antivirus workload characterization A research done by (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) shows an antivirus software package takes many ranges of techniques to check whether the file is infected or not. But from the observations of (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) to best difference between some antivirus software packages compare the overheads introduced by the respective antivirus software during on-access execution. When running antivirus software there is usage of two main models which are: on-demand. on-access. On-demand involves the scanning of the user specified files where as on-access can be a process that checks the system-level and the user-level operations and scans when an event occurs. The paper discusses the behavior of four different anti-virus software packages which run on a Intel Pentium IV being installed with Windows XP Professional. Considering three different test scenarios: A small executable file is copied from the CDROM to the hard disk. Executing a calc.exe And also executing wordpad.exe. All these executable files are running on the Windows XP Professional operating system. The antivirus packages used in this experiment were Cillin, F-Port, McAfee and Norton. The execution of the files are done using the before mentioned antivirus packages. Figure 3.1.1 shows the usage of these packages introduces some overheads during the execution which increases the time of execution. Fig 3.1.1 Performance degradation of antivirus packages (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) Then a test was made to know about the extra instructions executed when the file system operations is performed and also when loading and executing a binary. Taking the both scenarios a small binary of very less size is involved. It is found that the execution is dominated by some hot basic blocks in each antivirus package. A basic block is considered hot if it is visited more than fifty thousand times. To detect the behavior of antivirus software packages the (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) used the platform which was majorly targeted by the virus attacks and also must have the existence of some of the commercial antivirus software. A framework of simulator is introduced here called Virustech Simics this has architectural structure as shown in table 3.1.1. Virustech Simics is a simulator that includes a cycle-accurate micro-architectural model and used to get cycle-accurate performance numbers. Table 3.1.1 Virustech Simics architectural structures (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) Processor Model Processor Operating Frequency L1 Trace Cache L1 Data Cache L2 Cache Main Memory Intel Pentium 4 2.0A 2GHz 12K entry 8KB 512KB 256MB The goal behind the model is to confine the execution of antivirus software on a system. To achieve metrics the stream executed is passed to the simulator. To simulate the micro-processor, simics are configured. The host (simulator) executes the operating system loaded via simulated hard drive. On top of the operating system the researchers have installed and run the antivirus software and also the test scenarios are taken (see figure 3.1.2). After this the comparison is done between the baseline configuration execution (without the antivirus software installed) and the systems that are installed with four different antivirus packages. L2 Cache Copy/execute process Antivirus Process L1 Inst Cache L1 data Cache Operating System (Windows XP) Inst Stream Simulate micro-architecture Simulated Architecture HOST Fig 3.1.2 Multi Level architectural Micro Architectural simulation environment (Derek, Mischa, and David 2005) The table 3.1.2 shows the summary of five configurations. For each experiment an image file is created and loaded as a CDROM in the machine. The execution of the utility (contains special instructions) at the start and end of each collection was done in order to assist accurate profile collection. Table 3.1.2: Five environments evaluated: Base has no antivirus software running (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) Configuration Anti-Virus edition Version Base NAV PC-Cillin McAfee F-Port Norton Anti-Virus Professional 2004 Trend Micro Internet Security McAfee Virus scan professional F-Port Antivirus for windows 10.0.0.109 11.0.0.1253 8.0.20 3.14b The three different operations invoke anti-virus scanning. In first, a file from the CDROM to the hard drive was copied, and then the operating system accessories: calculator and wordpad are run accessing through a shortcut. After experimentation it is found that there is less than one percent difference in the work load parameters throughout the profile runs. Then on doing the antivirus characterization it is seen that there is a gradual increase in the cache activity which shows that the overheads released is smallest for F-Port and highest for Norton. The impact on memory while running the antivirus software shows that Norton and McAfee have larger footprints that the Base case, F-Port Cillin. 3.2 Development techniques a framework showing malware detection using combination of techniques There are several developments in techniques used by antivirus software. These techniques must be able to detect viruses which were not detected by previous techniques and this is what we say a development in technique. Antivirus software not only does detect a virus but also worms, Trojan horses, spyware and other malicious codes which constitute malware. Malware is a code or a program which intents to damage the computer with its malicious code. We can filter malware by use of specific antivirus software that installs detection techniques and algorithms. Several commercial antivirus programs uses a common technique called signature-based matching; this technique must be often updated to store new malware signatures in virus dictionary. As the technology advances plenty of malware writers aim to employ better hiding techniques, importantly rootkits became a security issue because of its higher hiding ability. There is a development of many new detection methods which are used to detect malware, machine learning technique and data mining technique. In this research Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A.,2010 have proposed a new framework to detect malware for which there is a combination of two techniques signature based technique and machine learning technique. This framework has three main sections which are signature-based detection, genetic algorithm based detection signature generator. Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010 defines malware as the software that performs actions intended by an attacker without consent of the owner when executed. Every malware has precise individuality, goal attack and transmission method. According to Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010 virus is that malware, which when executed tries to replicate itself into other executable code within a host. What so ever, as technology advances creating malware became sophisticated and extensively improved since early days. Signature-based matching technique is most common approach to detect malware, this technique works by contrasting file content with the signature by using an approach called string scan that search for pre-defined bit patterns. There are some limitations which needs to be solved to this technique though it is popular and very reliable for host-based security tool. The problem with signature-based matching technique I it fails to detect zero-day virus attack or zero-day malware attack. Zero-day malware attack are also called new launch malware. To store and capture a new virus pattern for upcoming use, some number of computers needs to be infected. Figure 3.2.1 shows an automatic malware removal and system repair was developed by F.Hsu et al. 2006 which has three important parts such as monitor, a logger, and a recovery agent. The framework solves two problems: Determines the un-trusted program that breaks the system integrity. Removal of un-trusted program Untrusted Process Trusted Process Logger Recovery agent Monitor Operating System Figure 3.2.1: Framework for monitoring, logging recovery by F.Hsu et al. 2006 The framework is used to monitor and enter logs of the un-trusted program. This framework is capable of defending known and unknown malware, though it does not need any prior information of the un-trusted programs. And from the user side there is no need of modifying any current programs and need not observe that the program is running in the framework as the framework is invisible to both known and unknown malware. A sample of this framework was used on the windows environment and shows that all the malware changes can be detected compared to the commercial tools which use the signature based technique. Machine learning algorithm was tested and applied on the malware detection technique. In order to classify the signature-based technique limitations that particular technique was using an adaptive data compression. The two restrictions of signature-based technique according to Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010 are: It is not compulsory that all malicious programs have bit patterns which are proof of their malicious nature and are also not recorded in virus dictionaries. Many forms of bit patterns are taken by obfuscated malware that will not work on signature-based technique. Genetic Algorithm (GA) takes the full advantage of system limitations that are used to detect zero day malware or the day malware was launched. The algorithm was used to develop a detection technique called IMAD that analyzes the new malware. To oppose the restrictions of signature-based detection technique this technique has been developed. Data mining is another technique which was applied on malware detection much before. The standard data mining algorithm classifies every block file content as normal or used to categorize potentially the malware. To defeat the limitations of signature-based antivirus programs an Intelligent Malware Detection System known as IMDS was developed. This system used Object Oriented Association which adapts OOA_Fast_FPGrowth algorithm. A complete experimentation on windows API file sequence was done which re called PE files. The huge gathering of PE files was taken from the King Soft Corporation antivirus laboratory which is used to compare many malware detection approaches. The results show that IMDS system shows the best results than Norton and McAfee. The proposed framework has two techniques combined which are signature-based technique and GA technique. It was designed to resolve two challenges of malware detections. How to detect newly launched malware (Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010) How to generate signature from infected file (Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010) Signature Generator S-Based Detection GA Detection Figure 3.2.2: Framework for malware detection technique (Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010) The main components are s-based detection, s-based generator and GA detection(see figure 3.2.2). The s-based detection acts first in defending the malware, then GA detection is the second layer which is another defense layer that is used to detect newly launched malware. After creating the new signature from zero-day malware these signatures are used by signature based detection technique. Signature based detection is a fixed examining method used on every antivirus product. This is also called a static analysis method. This decides whether the code is malicious or not by using its malware characterization. This technique is sometimes also called scan strings. In general every malware has one or more patterns of signature which has unique characters. Antivirus software searches through data stream bytes, when a program is executed. Database of antivirus software has thousands of signatures it scans through each signature comparing it with the program code which is executed. For comparing purposes searching algorithm is used, the comparison is usually between program code content with the signature database. The Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010 chooses this technique at the beginning of the framework because of its effective detection of well known viruses. This technique was used in this framework in order to develop the competence of computer operation. G.A detection technique is one of the most popular technique that is used to detect newly launched malware. This is used to learn approaches to resolve algebraic or statistical research problems. This is a machine learning technique which applies genetic programming that learns a evolving population. Chromosomes are used for data representation which is used in this algorithm, chromosomes are bit string values, new chromosomes are developed from a bit string combinations from existing chromosomes. Basing the nature of the problem the solution for the problem is given. Crossover and mutation are 2 types of basic operations in GA, to solve the issues concerned with polymorphic viruses and new types of malware this technique was introduced in this framework. By using this technique codes of malware using hidden technique can also be detected which only because of its learning and filtering aspects of virus behavior.( Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010) S-based generator generate string patterns are used by signatures which are used to characterize and identify the viruses. Forensic experts started creating signatures once a new virus sample is found, based on the virus behavior these signatures are created. All the antivirus products creates their own signatures and accessing records they are encrypted in case there are more than one antivirus software installed on the computer. As soon as a signature is created the signature database is updated with it. Every computer user requires updating the antivirus product with the database in order to defense against the new viruses. Signature pattern is 16 bytes and to detect 16 bit virus 16 bytes is more than enough.( Zolkipli, M.F.; Jantan, A., 2010) This generator takes the behavior of virus which identified by the GA detection. The signature pattern of the virus is generated and is added to virus database as a new signature for the signature based detection. To replace the forensic experts task this framework was proposed. This creation of framework was lot useful in detecting the new virus signature, and to improve the efficiency and performance of the computer. 3.3 Improving speed of signature scanners using BMH algorithm. This paper discusses about the problem of detecting viruses using signature scanning method that relies on fast pattern matching algorithm So basically in this technique the pattern is a virus signature which is searched for anywhere in the file. This algorithm is an expensive task which affects the performance frequently. Many users may find it impatient if the pattern matching algorithm does not work fast and consumes lot of time. So to avoid this faster pattern matching algorithm is used to the scanner which is Boyer-Moore Horspool algorithm when compare d to Boyer-Moore algorithm and Turbo Boyer Moore algorithm proved to be the fastest pattern matching algorithm. In technical terms, a virus has three parts which are trigger, infection mechanism and payload. The main mechanism which is infection mechanism part actually looks for fatalities and frequently avoids multiple infections. After looking for fatalities it might overwrite the fatalities or can attach itself at the beginning of the file or at the end of the fle. Trigger is actually a event which specifies when the payload has to be executed. The payload is the foundation of malicious behavior which actually can be corruption of boot sector or manipulating files. To detect a virus and to disinfect the infected file are two most important tasks of algorithms used by antivirus software. So defense system code of the algorithm must have a part that is able to detect any type of virus code. There are four types of basic detection techniques. Integrity Checking Signature Scanning Activity Monitoring Heuristic Method. Integrity checking technique: This program gives checker codes that can be checksums, CRCs or hashes of files that are used to check viruses. Regularly the checksum are re-computed and is compared against the previous checksums. In case the two checksums does not match it is indicated that the file is infected since the file is modified. This technique detects the virus presence by detecting the change in files and also is capable to detect new or unknown viruses. But this technique has several drawbacks. Firstly, the primary checksum calculation has to be performed on a virus less clean system so the technique can never detect viruses if system is infected. Secondly there are lots of false positives if the system is modified during execution. (Sunitha Kanaujiya, et., al 2010) Signature scanning technique: This technique is used on large scale to detect virus. This reads data from a system and to that it applies pattern matching algorithm to list of existing virus patterns in case it matches with the existing patterns it is a virus. This scanning technique is effective but the pattern database needs frequent updating which is very easy. There are several advantages of this scanner one of it is the scanning speed for this technique can be increased, it can also be used to detect other types of malicious programs like Trojan horses, worms, logic bombs, etc. So mainly for the virus it is only signature of the virus which is needed and update it to the database. This technique is used on many viruses due to this reason. Activity monitoring technique: This technique is used to monitor the behavior of programs executed by some other programs these monitoring programs are known as behavior monitor and they stay in main memory. The behavior monitors alarms or do some action to prevent the program when it tries to do some unusual activities like interrupting tables, partition tables or boot sectors. The database maintains every virus behavior that is supposed to be. The main disadvantage is when the new virus uses another infecting method that is not in the database and in this scenario finding virus is helpless. Secondly viruses avoid defense by activating earlier in the boot sequence prior to the behavior monitors. And also viruses modify the monitors